IZBEGLICE I PROMENE U ŽIVOTNOJ SREDINI U MEĐUNARODNOM PRAVU
Ključne reči:
izbeglice, migracije, životna sredina, ekološke izbeglice, međunarodno izbegličko pravo
Apstrakt
Cilj rada je sagledavanje položaja izbeglica čiji su uzroci izbeglištva u promenama u stanju životne sredine („ekološke izbeglice“). U prvom delu rada se ukazuje na teorijski kontekst i opšti pravni okvir kojim je uređeno pitanje položaja izbeglica u međunarodnom izbegličkom pravu. Analiziraju se odredbe sadržane u Konvenciji o statusu izbeglica (1951) sa Protokolom (1967). Razmatra se, pre svega, pitanje načina kako je u Konvenciji regulisan položaj izbeglica čiji se uzroci izbeglištva mogu pripisati promenama u životnoj sredini. Drugi deo rada je posvećen ispitivanju relevantnih odredbi međunarodnog prava životne sredine sa stanovišta načina kako se ovaj deo normi međunarodnog prava odnosi prema pitanju prisilnih migracija. Ukazuje se i na odredbe dva najnovija međunarodna dokumenta od potencijalnog značaja za izbeglice i životnu sredinu (Nacrt globalnog dogovora za sigurnu, urednu i regularnu migraciju, 2019, i Nacrt globalnog pakta za životnu sredinu, 2017). U zaključku se naglašava potreba jasnijeg uređivanja položaja izbeglica kroz odgovarajuće izmene i dopune u obe oblasti međunarodnog prava: međunarodnog izbegličkog prava i međunarodnog prava životne sredine.
Reference
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Adamo, S.B. 2010. Environmental migration and cities in the context of global environmental change. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 2(3), pp. 161-165.
Adams, H. & Kay, S. 2019. Migration as a human affair: Integrating individual stress thresholds into quantitative models of climate migration. Environmental Science & Policy, 93, pp. 129-138.
Aguila, Y. & Viñuales, J.E. (eds.). 2019. A Global Pact for the Environment - Legal Foundations. Cambridge: C-EENRG.
Ambrosetti, E. & Enza, R. 2016. Environmental disasters, migration and displacement. Insights and developments from L’Aquila’s case. Environmental Science & Policy, 56, pp. 80-88.
Arulanantham, A.T. 2000. Restructured Safe Havens: A Proposal for Reform of the Refugee Protection System. Human Rights Quarterly, 22(1), pp. 1-56.
Aunan, K. & Wang, S. 2014. Internal migration and urbanization in China: Impacts on population exposure to household air pollution (2000–2010). Science of the Total Environment, 481, pp. 186-195.
Berchin, I.I., Valduga, I.B., Garcia, J. & de Andrade, JBSO. 2017. Climate change and forced migrations: An effort towards recognizing climate refugees. Geoforum, 84, pp. 147-150.
Black, R., Arnell, N.W., Adger, N., Thomas, D. & Geddes, A. 2013. Migration, immobility and displacement outcomes following extreme events. Environmental Science & Policy, 27 (Supplement 1), pp. S32-S43.
Black, R., Adger, W.N., Arnell, N., Dercon, S., Geddes, A. & Thomas, D. 2011. The effect of environmental change on human migration. Global Environmental Change, 21 (Supplement 1), pp. S3-S11.
Borges, I. M. 2019. Environmental Change, Forced Displacement and International Law, from Legal Protection Gaps to Protection Solutions. London and New York: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group.
Chen, J., Chen, S. & Landry, P. 2013. Migration, environmental hazards, and health outcomes in China. Social Science & Medicine, 80, pp. 85-95.
Collins, A. E. 2013. Applications of the disaster risk reduction approach to migration influenced by environmental change. Environmental Science & Policy, 27(1), pp. S112-S125.
Dowty, A. & Gil. L. 1996. Refugee Flows as Grounds for International Action. International Security, 21(1), pp. 43-71.
Farbotko, C. & Lazrus, H. 2012. The first climate refugees? Contesting global narratives of climate change in Tuvalu. Global Environmental Change, 22(2), pp. 382-390.
Fielding, A.J. 2011. The impacts of environmental change on UK internal migration. Global Environmental Change, 21(1), pp. S121-S130.
Findlay, A.M. 2011. Migrant destinations in an era of environmental change. Global Environmental Change, 21 (Supplement 1), pp. S50-S58.
Fussell, E., Hunter, L.M. & Gray, C.L. 2014. Measuring the environmental dimensions of human migration: The demographer’s toolkit. Global Environmental Change, 28, pp. 182–191.
Geddes, A., Adger, W.N., Arnell, N.W., Black, R. & Thomas, D. 2012. Migration, Environmental Change and the ‘Challenges of Governance’. Environmental and Planning C: Government and
Policy, 30(6), pp. 951-967.
Grečić, V., Vekarić, V. & Todić, D. 2014. Migration Law in Serbia. Alphen aan den Rijn: Wolters Kluwer.
Hakovirta, H. 1993. The Global Refugee Problem: A Model and Its Application. International Political Science Review/Revue Internationale De Science Politique, 14(1), pp. 35–57. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/1601374.
Hugo, G. 2011. Future demographic change and its interactions with migration and climate change.Global Environmental Change, 21 (Supplement 1), pp. S21-S33.
Koubi, V., Spilker, G., Schaffer, L. & Bernauer, T. 2016. Environmental Stressors and Migration: Evidence from Vietnam. World Development, 79, pp. 197-210.
Leal-Arcas, R. 2012. Climate Migrants: Legal Options, . Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 37, pp. 86-96.
Lister, M. 2013. Who are Refugees?. Law and Philosophy, 32(5), pp. 645-671. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10982-012-9169-7.
Martin, A. 2005. Environmental Conflict between Refugee and Host Communities. Journal of Peace Research, 42(3), pp. 329–346. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/30042304.
Mesić, M. & Župarić-Iljić, D. 2014. Promjene u okolišu i ljudske migracije. Migracijske i etničke teme, 3, pp. 331–354.
Morrissey, J.W. 2013. Understanding the relationship between environmental change and migration: The development of an effects framework based on the case of northern Ethiopia. Global Environmental Change, 23(6), pp. 1501-1510.
Nesseef, L. 2018. Političke posledice migracija izazvanih ekološkim katastrofama. Doktorska disertacija. Beograd: Fakultet političkih nauka Univerziteta u Beogradu, pp. 17-119.
Neumann, K., Sietz, D., Hilderink, H., Janssen, P., Kok, M. & van Dijk, H. 2015. Environmental drivers of human migration in drylands – A spatial picture. Applied Geography, 56, pp. 116-126.
Piguet, E., 2013. From ‘Primitive Migration’ to ‘Climate Refugees’: The Curious Fate of the Natural Environment in Migration Studies. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 103(1), pp. 148-162.
Pires Ramos, E. 2013. Climate Change, Disasters and Migration: Current Challenges to International Law. In: Ruppel, O., Roschmann, C. & Ruppel-Schlichting, K. (eds.), Climate Change: International Law and Global Governance. Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft GmbH, pp. 739-760.
Ransan-Cooper, H., Farbotko, C., McNamara, K., Thornton, F. & Chevalier, E. 2015. Being(s) framed: The means and ends of framing environmental migrants. Global Environmental Change, 35, pp. 106-115.
Roper, S. & Barria, L. 2010. Burden Sharing in the Funding of the UNHCR: Refugee Protection as an Impure Public Good. The Journal of Conflict Resolution, 54(4), pp. 616-637. JSTOR. http://www.jstor.org/stable/20773710.
Ruppel, O.C. 2013. Intersections of Law and Cooperative Global Climate Governance – Challenges in the Anthropocene. In: Ruppel, O., Roschmann, C. & Ruppel-Schlichting, K. (eds.), Climate Change: International Law and Global Governance: Volume I: Legal Responses and Global Responsibility. Baden-Baden: Nomos Publishers, pp. 29-94.
Ruppel, O.C. & Sanita. V.W. 2013. Climate-Change-Induced Movement of Persons in Africa: Human Rights Responses to Aspects of Human Security. In: Ruppel, O., Roschmann, C. & Ruppel-Schlichting, K. (eds.), Climate Change: International Law and Global Governance: Volume II: Policy, Diplomacy and Governance in a Changing Environment. Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, pp. 799–826. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv941vsk.34.
Selby, J., Dahi, O.S., Fröhlich, C. & Hulme, M. 2017. Climate change and the Syrian civil war revisited. Political Geography, 60, pp. 232-244.
Thiri, M.A. 2017. Social vulnerability and environmental migration: The case of Miyagi Prefecture after the Great East Japan Earthquake. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 25, pp. 212-226.
Todić, D. 2018. Ujedinjene nacije, međunarodni ugovori i životna sredina. Beograd: Institut za međunarodnu politiku i privredu.
Todić, D. 2016. Pariski sporazum o klimi u sistemu međunarodnih ugovora od značaja za EU integracije Republike Srbije, Evropsko zakonodavstvo, 58, pp. 111-129.
Todić., D. 1995. Non-refoulement kao princip međunarodnog prava. Jugoslovenska revija za međunarodno pravo, 42(1-3), pp. 245-259.
Warner, K. 2010. Global environmental change and migration: Governance challenges. Global Environmental Change, 20(3), pp. 402-413.
Internet izvori
Azil, 2017. Tumačenje člana 1. Konvencije o statusu izbeglice iz 1951. Godine (2001). Dostupno na: http://azil.rs/azil_novi/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Tumacenje-clana-1.-Konvencije-o-statusu-izbeglica-iz-1951.-go.pdf (11.2.2019).
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IOM. 2018a. Global migration indicators 2018. Dostupno na: https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/global_migration_indicators_2018.pdf (11.4.2019).
IOM. 2018b. Mapping Human Mobility (Migration, Displacement and Planned Relocation) and Climate Change in International Processes, Policies and Legal Frameworks. Dostupno na: https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/WIM%20TFD%20II.2%20Output.pdf (11.4.2019).
Draft Global Pact for the Environment, 2017. Dostupno na: https://globalpactenvironment.org/uploads/EN.pdf (2.6. 2019).
European Commission, 2008. Climate change and international security. Dostupno na: https://www.consilium.europa.eu/media/30862/en_clim_change_low.pdf (12.6.2019).
Melde, S. 2014. Migration, Environment and Climate Change: Evidence for Policy (MECLEP) Glossary, Geneva: International Organization for Migration. Dostupno na: http://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/meclep_glossary_en.pdf?language=en (12.6.2019).
Melde, S., Laczko, F. & Gemenne F. (eds.). 2017. Making mobility work for adaptation to environmental changes, Results from the MECLEP global research, Geneva: International Organization for Migration. Dostupno na: https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/meclep_comparative_report.pdf (12.6.2019).
Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 19 December 2018, 73/195 Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration, https://undocs.org/en/A/RES/73/195 (2.6.2019).
Adamo, S.B. 2010. Environmental migration and cities in the context of global environmental change. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 2(3), pp. 161-165.
Adams, H. & Kay, S. 2019. Migration as a human affair: Integrating individual stress thresholds into quantitative models of climate migration. Environmental Science & Policy, 93, pp. 129-138.
Aguila, Y. & Viñuales, J.E. (eds.). 2019. A Global Pact for the Environment - Legal Foundations. Cambridge: C-EENRG.
Ambrosetti, E. & Enza, R. 2016. Environmental disasters, migration and displacement. Insights and developments from L’Aquila’s case. Environmental Science & Policy, 56, pp. 80-88.
Arulanantham, A.T. 2000. Restructured Safe Havens: A Proposal for Reform of the Refugee Protection System. Human Rights Quarterly, 22(1), pp. 1-56.
Aunan, K. & Wang, S. 2014. Internal migration and urbanization in China: Impacts on population exposure to household air pollution (2000–2010). Science of the Total Environment, 481, pp. 186-195.
Berchin, I.I., Valduga, I.B., Garcia, J. & de Andrade, JBSO. 2017. Climate change and forced migrations: An effort towards recognizing climate refugees. Geoforum, 84, pp. 147-150.
Black, R., Arnell, N.W., Adger, N., Thomas, D. & Geddes, A. 2013. Migration, immobility and displacement outcomes following extreme events. Environmental Science & Policy, 27 (Supplement 1), pp. S32-S43.
Black, R., Adger, W.N., Arnell, N., Dercon, S., Geddes, A. & Thomas, D. 2011. The effect of environmental change on human migration. Global Environmental Change, 21 (Supplement 1), pp. S3-S11.
Borges, I. M. 2019. Environmental Change, Forced Displacement and International Law, from Legal Protection Gaps to Protection Solutions. London and New York: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group.
Chen, J., Chen, S. & Landry, P. 2013. Migration, environmental hazards, and health outcomes in China. Social Science & Medicine, 80, pp. 85-95.
Collins, A. E. 2013. Applications of the disaster risk reduction approach to migration influenced by environmental change. Environmental Science & Policy, 27(1), pp. S112-S125.
Dowty, A. & Gil. L. 1996. Refugee Flows as Grounds for International Action. International Security, 21(1), pp. 43-71.
Farbotko, C. & Lazrus, H. 2012. The first climate refugees? Contesting global narratives of climate change in Tuvalu. Global Environmental Change, 22(2), pp. 382-390.
Fielding, A.J. 2011. The impacts of environmental change on UK internal migration. Global Environmental Change, 21(1), pp. S121-S130.
Findlay, A.M. 2011. Migrant destinations in an era of environmental change. Global Environmental Change, 21 (Supplement 1), pp. S50-S58.
Fussell, E., Hunter, L.M. & Gray, C.L. 2014. Measuring the environmental dimensions of human migration: The demographer’s toolkit. Global Environmental Change, 28, pp. 182–191.
Geddes, A., Adger, W.N., Arnell, N.W., Black, R. & Thomas, D. 2012. Migration, Environmental Change and the ‘Challenges of Governance’. Environmental and Planning C: Government and
Policy, 30(6), pp. 951-967.
Grečić, V., Vekarić, V. & Todić, D. 2014. Migration Law in Serbia. Alphen aan den Rijn: Wolters Kluwer.
Hakovirta, H. 1993. The Global Refugee Problem: A Model and Its Application. International Political Science Review/Revue Internationale De Science Politique, 14(1), pp. 35–57. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/1601374.
Hugo, G. 2011. Future demographic change and its interactions with migration and climate change.Global Environmental Change, 21 (Supplement 1), pp. S21-S33.
Koubi, V., Spilker, G., Schaffer, L. & Bernauer, T. 2016. Environmental Stressors and Migration: Evidence from Vietnam. World Development, 79, pp. 197-210.
Leal-Arcas, R. 2012. Climate Migrants: Legal Options, . Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 37, pp. 86-96.
Lister, M. 2013. Who are Refugees?. Law and Philosophy, 32(5), pp. 645-671. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10982-012-9169-7.
Martin, A. 2005. Environmental Conflict between Refugee and Host Communities. Journal of Peace Research, 42(3), pp. 329–346. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/30042304.
Mesić, M. & Župarić-Iljić, D. 2014. Promjene u okolišu i ljudske migracije. Migracijske i etničke teme, 3, pp. 331–354.
Morrissey, J.W. 2013. Understanding the relationship between environmental change and migration: The development of an effects framework based on the case of northern Ethiopia. Global Environmental Change, 23(6), pp. 1501-1510.
Nesseef, L. 2018. Političke posledice migracija izazvanih ekološkim katastrofama. Doktorska disertacija. Beograd: Fakultet političkih nauka Univerziteta u Beogradu, pp. 17-119.
Neumann, K., Sietz, D., Hilderink, H., Janssen, P., Kok, M. & van Dijk, H. 2015. Environmental drivers of human migration in drylands – A spatial picture. Applied Geography, 56, pp. 116-126.
Piguet, E., 2013. From ‘Primitive Migration’ to ‘Climate Refugees’: The Curious Fate of the Natural Environment in Migration Studies. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 103(1), pp. 148-162.
Pires Ramos, E. 2013. Climate Change, Disasters and Migration: Current Challenges to International Law. In: Ruppel, O., Roschmann, C. & Ruppel-Schlichting, K. (eds.), Climate Change: International Law and Global Governance. Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft GmbH, pp. 739-760.
Ransan-Cooper, H., Farbotko, C., McNamara, K., Thornton, F. & Chevalier, E. 2015. Being(s) framed: The means and ends of framing environmental migrants. Global Environmental Change, 35, pp. 106-115.
Roper, S. & Barria, L. 2010. Burden Sharing in the Funding of the UNHCR: Refugee Protection as an Impure Public Good. The Journal of Conflict Resolution, 54(4), pp. 616-637. JSTOR. http://www.jstor.org/stable/20773710.
Ruppel, O.C. 2013. Intersections of Law and Cooperative Global Climate Governance – Challenges in the Anthropocene. In: Ruppel, O., Roschmann, C. & Ruppel-Schlichting, K. (eds.), Climate Change: International Law and Global Governance: Volume I: Legal Responses and Global Responsibility. Baden-Baden: Nomos Publishers, pp. 29-94.
Ruppel, O.C. & Sanita. V.W. 2013. Climate-Change-Induced Movement of Persons in Africa: Human Rights Responses to Aspects of Human Security. In: Ruppel, O., Roschmann, C. & Ruppel-Schlichting, K. (eds.), Climate Change: International Law and Global Governance: Volume II: Policy, Diplomacy and Governance in a Changing Environment. Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, pp. 799–826. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv941vsk.34.
Selby, J., Dahi, O.S., Fröhlich, C. & Hulme, M. 2017. Climate change and the Syrian civil war revisited. Political Geography, 60, pp. 232-244.
Thiri, M.A. 2017. Social vulnerability and environmental migration: The case of Miyagi Prefecture after the Great East Japan Earthquake. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 25, pp. 212-226.
Todić, D. 2018. Ujedinjene nacije, međunarodni ugovori i životna sredina. Beograd: Institut za međunarodnu politiku i privredu.
Todić, D. 2016. Pariski sporazum o klimi u sistemu međunarodnih ugovora od značaja za EU integracije Republike Srbije, Evropsko zakonodavstvo, 58, pp. 111-129.
Todić., D. 1995. Non-refoulement kao princip međunarodnog prava. Jugoslovenska revija za međunarodno pravo, 42(1-3), pp. 245-259.
Warner, K. 2010. Global environmental change and migration: Governance challenges. Global Environmental Change, 20(3), pp. 402-413.
Internet izvori
Azil, 2017. Tumačenje člana 1. Konvencije o statusu izbeglice iz 1951. Godine (2001). Dostupno na: http://azil.rs/azil_novi/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Tumacenje-clana-1.-Konvencije-o-statusu-izbeglica-iz-1951.-go.pdf (11.2.2019).
Gemenne, F., Brucker, P. & Ionesko, D. 2014. The State of the Environmental Migration 2014, A Review of 2013. Dostupno na: https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/state_environmental_migration_2014_0.pdf (11.4.2019)
IOM. 2018a. Global migration indicators 2018. Dostupno na: https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/global_migration_indicators_2018.pdf (11.4.2019).
IOM. 2018b. Mapping Human Mobility (Migration, Displacement and Planned Relocation) and Climate Change in International Processes, Policies and Legal Frameworks. Dostupno na: https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/WIM%20TFD%20II.2%20Output.pdf (11.4.2019).
Draft Global Pact for the Environment, 2017. Dostupno na: https://globalpactenvironment.org/uploads/EN.pdf (2.6. 2019).
European Commission, 2008. Climate change and international security. Dostupno na: https://www.consilium.europa.eu/media/30862/en_clim_change_low.pdf (12.6.2019).
Melde, S. 2014. Migration, Environment and Climate Change: Evidence for Policy (MECLEP) Glossary, Geneva: International Organization for Migration. Dostupno na: http://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/meclep_glossary_en.pdf?language=en (12.6.2019).
Melde, S., Laczko, F. & Gemenne F. (eds.). 2017. Making mobility work for adaptation to environmental changes, Results from the MECLEP global research, Geneva: International Organization for Migration. Dostupno na: https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/meclep_comparative_report.pdf (12.6.2019).
Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 19 December 2018, 73/195 Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration, https://undocs.org/en/A/RES/73/195 (2.6.2019).
Objavljeno
2019-10-01
Kako citirati
Todić, D. (2019). IZBEGLICE I PROMENE U ŽIVOTNOJ SREDINI U MEĐUNARODNOM PRAVU. Strani Pravni život, 63(3), 5-16. https://doi.org/10.5937/spz63-22484
Broj časopisa
Sekcija
Originalni naučni rad